What governs the use of force in military operations adhering to laws of armed conflict?

The use of force in military operations is fundamentally guided by International Law, particularly the laws of armed conflict, which encompass various treaties, customs, and legal precedents that dictate how military hostilities are conducted. These laws aim to protect individuals not participating in hostilities, including civilians and those rendered hors de combat, and establish rules for the treatment of prisoners of war. International Law encompasses important frameworks such as the Geneva Conventions, which provide extensive regulations governing armed conflicts and the conduct of combatants.

While other factors, like national regulations, military doctrine, and rules of engagement, certainly play crucial roles in shaping and operationalizing military action, they derive their legitimacy and authority from International Law. National regulations may adapt or expand upon international norms to fit specific national interests or circumstances but cannot contravene the established international standards. Military doctrine serves as a guide for operational strategies and tactics, while rules of engagement instruct service members on the application of force in specific situations, but both must remain in compliance with International Law. Therefore, it is the overarching principles of International Law that fundamentally govern the use of force in military operations.